Course topics

\n \n \n \n DNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n population,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene,\n \n \n \n \n \n species,\n \n \n \n \n \n environment,\n \n \n \n \n \n hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n \n \n genome,\n \n \n \n \n \n phenotype,\n \n \n \n \n \n protein,\n \n \n \n \n \n human,\n \n \n \n \n \n genotype,\n \n \n \n \n \n blood,\n \n \n \n \n \n disease,\n \n \n \n \n \n ecosystem,\n \n \n \n \n \n energy,\n \n \n \n \n \n carbohydrates,\n \n \n \n \n \n insulin,\n \n \n \n \n \n glucose,\n \n \n \n \n \n chromosome,\n \n \n \n \n \n animals,\n \n \n \n \n \n proteins,\n \n \n \n \n \n generation,\n \n \n \n \n \n ribose,\n \n \n \n \n \n homozygote,\n \n \n \n \n \n deoxyribose,\n \n \n \n \n \n recombination,\n \n \n \n \n \n mutation,\n \n \n \n \n \n biocenosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n bacteria,\n \n \n \n \n \n fermentation,\n \n \n \n \n \n evolution,\n \n \n \n \n \n allele,\n \n \n \n \n \n cholesterol,\n \n \n \n \n \n osmosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n homeostasis,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene pool,\n \n \n \n \n \n stomach,\n \n \n \n \n \n pancreas,\n \n \n \n \n \n asexual reproduction,\n \n \n \n \n \n RNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n metaphase,\n \n \n \n \n \n adenine,\n \n \n \n \n \n nature,\n \n \n \n \n \n biodiversity,\n \n \n \n \n \n chlorophyll,\n \n \n \n \n \n photosynthesis,\n \n \n \n \n \n ATP,\n \n \n \n \n \n autotroph,\n \n \n \n \n \n genetic,\n \n \n \n \n \n plasmid,\n \n \n \n \n \n heterozygote,\n \n \n \n \n \n denaturation,\n \n \n \n \n \n glycogen,\n \n \n \n \n \n atp,\n \n \n \n \n \n Krebs cycle,\n \n \n \n \n \n glycolysis,\n \n \n \n \n \n fungi,\n \n \n \n \n \n diabetes,\n \n \n \n \n \n transpiration,\n \n \n \n \n \n egg cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n sperm cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n zygote,\n \n \n \n \n \n lipids,\n \n \n \n \n \n transport,\n \n \n \n \n \n plants,\n \n \n \n \n \n reproduction,\n \n \n \n \n \n receptors,\n \n \n \n \n \n digestion,\n \n \n \n \n \n liver,\n \n \n \n \n \n glucagon,\n \n \n \n \n \n autonomic nervous system,\n \n \n \n \n \n fats,\n \n \n \n \n \n active transport,\n \n \n \n \n \n noradrenaline,\n \n \n \n \n \n atropine,\n \n \n \n \n \n sexual reproduction,\n \n \n \n \n \n immune system,\n \n \n \n \n \n human health,\n \n \n \n \n \n chromosomes,\n \n \n \n \n \n thymine,\n \n \n \n \n \n guanine,\n \n \n \n \n \n offspring,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene frequency,\n \n \n \n \n \n thylakoid,\n \n \n \n \n \n heterotroph,\n \n \n \n \n \n T cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n B cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleus,\n \n \n \n \n \n enzyme,\n \n \n \n \n \n organisms,\n \n \n \n \n \n histone,\n \n \n \n \n \n electrophoresis,\n \n \n \n \n \n collagen,\n \n \n \n \n \n myoglobin,\n \n \n \n \n \n physiology,\n \n \n \n \n \n tonus,\n \n \n \n \n \n xylem,\n \n \n \n \n \n cuticle,\n \n \n \n \n \n mitosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n replication,\n \n \n \n \n \n embryo,\n \n \n \n \n \n isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n regulation,\n \n \n \n \n \n ADH,\n \n \n \n \n \n antidiuretic hormone,\n \n \n \n \n \n oxygen,\n \n \n \n \n \n cellulose,\n \n \n \n \n \n phospholipid,\n \n \n \n \n \n endoplasmic reticulum,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleic acids,\n \n \n \n \n \n homogenization,\n \n \n \n \n \n neuron,\n \n \n \n \n \n nutrients,\n \n \n \n \n \n immigration,\n \n \n \n \n \n reproductive isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n system,\n \n \n \n \n \n digestive enzymes,\n \n \n \n \n \n heart,\n \n \n \n \n \n respiratory,\n \n \n \n \n \n vein,\n \n \n \n \n \n centromere,\n \n \n \n \n \n capillaries,\n \n \n \n \n \n phagocytosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n hypothalamus,\n \n \n \n \n \n gametes,\n \n \n \n \n \n meiosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n respiration,\n \n \n \n \n \n inheritance,\n \n \n \n \n \n Punnett square,\n \n \n \n \n \n diffusion,\n \n \n \n \n \n nervous system,\n \n \n \n \n \n organism,\n \n \n \n \n \n neurotransmitter,\n \n \n \n \n \n presynaptic membrane,\n \n \n \n \n \n postsynaptic membrane,\n \n \n \n \n \n life cycle,\n \n \n \n \n \n infection,\n \n \n \n \n \n diseases,\n \n \n \n \n \n interphase,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleotide,\n \n \n \n \n \n cytosine,\n \n \n \n \n \n uracil,\n \n \n \n \n \n sex chromosomes,\n \n \n \n \n \n forest,\n \n \n \n \n \n protection,\n \n \n \n \n \n natural habitat,\n \n \n \n \n \n nutrition,\n \n \n \n \n \n photoautotroph,\n \n \n \n \n \n digestive system,\n \n \n \n \n \n gram-positive bacteria,\n \n \n \n \n \n cytoplasm,\n \n \n \n \n \n cell wall,\n \n \n \n \n \n amino acids,\n \n \n \n \n \n saccharides,\n \n \n \n \n \n refraction,\n \n \n \n \n \n receptor,\n \n \n \n \n \n engineering,\n \n \n \n \n \n vector,\n \n \n \n \n \n medical,\n \n \n \n \n \n karyotype,\n \n \n \n \n \n erythropoietin,\n \n \n \n \n \n dominant allele,\n \n \n \n \n \n recessive allele,\n \n \n \n \n \n single-stranded DNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n amino acid,\n \n \n \n \n \n glycine,\n \n \n \n \n \n peptide bond,\n \n \n \n \n \n alanine,\n \n \n \n \n \n tyrosine,\n \n \n \n \n \n pentose,\n \n \n \n \n \n acetyl CoA,\n \n \n \n \n \n chitin,\n \n \n \n \n \n sporangium,\n \n \n \n \n \n gametangium,\n \n \n \n \n \n muscle,\n \n \n \n \n \n myofibrils,\n \n \n \n \n \n sarcolemma,\n \n \n \n \n \n sarcoplasm,\n \n \n \n \n \n chloroplasts,\n \n \n \n \n \n stoma,\n \n \n \n \n \n radiation,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene expression,\n \n \n \n \n \n oncogenes,\n \n \n \n \n \n division,\n \n \n \n \n \n cell cycle,\n \n \n \n \n \n morula,\n \n \n \n \n \n fertilization,\n \n \n \n \n \n ovulation,\n \n \n \n \n \n copulatory organ,\n \n \n \n \n \n homologous chromosomes,\n \n \n \n \n \n desert,\n \n \n \n \n \n condensation,\n \n \n \n \n \n glycoprotein,\n \n \n \n \n \n retrovirus,\n \n \n \n \n \n carbon,\n \n \n \n \n \n molecule,\n \n \n \n \n \n hydrogen,\n \n \n \n \n \n atom,\n \n \n \n \n \n cohesion,\n \n \n \n \n \n covalent bond,\n \n \n \n \n \n membrane,\n \n \n \n \n \n cytosol,\n \n \n \n \n \n Golgi apparatus,\n \n \n \n \n \n fatty acid,\n \n \n \n \n \n adipose tissue,\n \n \n \n \n \n structure,\n \n \n \n \n \n carotenoid,\n \n \n \n \n \n hydrolysis,\n \n \n \n \n \n succession,\n \n \n \n \n \n seat,\n \n \n \n \n \n biosphere,\n \n \n \n \n \n substances,\n \n \n \n \n \n epidermis,\n \n \n \n \n \n phloem,\n \n \n \n \n \n proton pump,\n \n \n \n \n \n axon,\n \n \n \n \n \n cell body,\n \n \n \n \n \n myelin sheath,\n \n \n \n \n \n enzymes,\n \n \n \n \n \n vitamin,\n \n \n \n \n \n placenta,\n \n \n \n \n \n extra-embryonic membranes,\n \n \n \n \n \n allantois,\n \n \n \n \n \n estrogen,\n \n \n \n \n \n progesterone,\n \n \n \n \n \n tissue,\n \n \n \n \n \n gamete,\n \n \n \n \n \n variation,\n \n \n \n \n \n UV,\n \n \n \n \n \n anemia,\n \n \n \n \n \n coenzyme,\n \n \n \n \n \n monosaccharide,\n \n \n \n \n \n polysaccharide,\n \n \n \n \n \n disaccharide,\n \n \n \n \n \n deamination,\n \n \n \n \n \n thermoregulation,\n \n \n \n \n \n sex,\n \n \n \n \n \n hybridization,\n \n \n \n \n \n electrons,\n \n \n \n \n \n ADP,\n \n \n \n \n \n photophosphorylation,\n \n \n \n \n \n Calvin cycle,\n \n \n \n \n \n small intestine,\n \n \n \n \n \n large intestine,\n \n \n \n \n \n pepsinogen,\n \n \n \n \n \n alimentary,\n \n \n \n \n \n prorennin,\n \n \n \n \n \n flagellum,\n \n \n \n \n \n purine,\n \n \n \n \n \n pyrimidine,\n \n \n \n \n \n deoxyribonucleosides,\n \n \n \n \n \n diaphragm,\n \n \n \n \n \n carbon dioxide,\n \n \n \n \n \n carbohydrate,\n \n \n \n \n \n mesophyll,\n \n \n \n \n \n thermogenesis,\n \n \n \n \n \n mutations,\n \n \n \n \n \n plasma,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleoid,\n \n \n \n \n \n antigen,\n \n \n \n \n \n natural selection,\n \n \n \n \n \n geographical isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n ecological isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n habitat isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n mechanical isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n post-zygotic isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n temporal isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n phenological isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n behavioral isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene flow,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene exchange,\n \n \n \n \n \n anatomical isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n morphological isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n after-fertilization isolation,\n \n \n \n \n \n speciation,\n \n \n \n \n \n genetic material,\n \n \n \n \n \n matter,\n \n \n \n \n \n parenchyma,\n \n \n \n \n \n hemolymph,\n \n \n \n \n \n alleles,\n \n \n \n \n \n dominance,\n \n \n \n \n \n recessivity,\n \n \n \n \n \n facilitated diffusion,\n \n \n \n \n \n passive transport,\n \n \n \n \n \n osmotic pressure,\n \n \n \n \n \n atherosclerosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n cells,\n \n \n \n \n \n testosterone,\n \n \n \n \n \n FSH,\n \n \n \n \n \n LH,\n \n \n \n \n \n adrenaline,\n \n \n \n \n \n acetylcholine,\n \n \n \n \n \n esophagus,\n \n \n \n \n \n micelle,\n \n \n \n \n \n balance,\n \n \n \n \n \n kidneys,\n \n \n \n \n \n water-electrolyte,\n \n \n \n \n \n metamorphosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n preganglionic neuron,\n \n \n \n \n \n postganglionic neuron,\n \n \n \n \n \n vagus nerve,\n \n \n \n \n \n thyroxine,\n \n \n \n \n \n aldosterone,\n \n \n \n \n \n aerobic respiration,\n \n \n \n \n \n food,\n \n \n \n \n \n techniques,\n \n \n \n \n nerve,\n \n \n \n depression,\n \n \n \n transmission,\n \n \n \n impulses,\n \n \n \n synapse,\n \n \n \n synaptic knob,\n \n \n \n synaptic cleft,\n \n \n \n curare,\n \n \n \n excitatory synapse,\n \n \n \n inhibitory synapse,\n \n \n \n spatial summation,\n \n \n \n synapse fatigue,\n \n \n \n infectious disease,\n \n \n \n malaria,\n \n \n \n cyst,\n \n \n \n parasite,\n \n \n \n worm,\n \n \n \n parasitic,\n \n \n \n ascaris,\n \n \n \n Ascaris lumbricoides,\n \n \n \n fluke,\n \n \n \n parasitic diseases,\n \n \n \n Plasmodium,\n \n \n \n Giardia lamblia,\n \n \n \n protozoan,\n \n \n \n Anopheles,\n \n \n \n eosinophil,\n \n \n \n histamina,\n \n \n \n life cycle of malaria,\n \n \n \n mast cell,\n \n \n \n parasitic infections,\n \n \n \n Schistosoma,\n \n \n \n Trematoda,\n \n \n \n hydrogen bond,\n \n \n \n organization,\n \n \n \n heterozygotes,\n \n \n \n cytogenetics,\n \n \n \n equilibrium,\n \n \n \n diversity,\n \n \n \n biological diversity,\n \n \n \n devastation,\n \n \n \n chemoautotroph,\n \n \n \n autotrophic,\n \n \n \n carotenoids,\n \n \n \n chemosynthesis,\n \n \n \n CHO,\n \n \n \n photosystem I,\n \n \n \n photosystem II,\n \n \n \n PS I,\n \n \n \n tuberculosis,\n \n \n \n salmonellosis,\n \n \n \n cholera,\n \n \n \n bacterium,\n \n \n \n antibodies,\n \n \n \n surface tension,\n \n \n \n koch,\n \n \n \n Salmonella,\n \n \n \n microorganism,\n \n \n \n humoral response,\n \n \n \n cellular response,\n \n \n \n Mycobacterium tuberculosis,\n \n \n \n disinfection,\n \n \n \n Treponema pallidum,\n \n \n \n bacterial,\n \n \n \n Gram-negative bacteria,\n \n \n \n vibrio cholerae,\n \n \n \n Staphylococcus aureus,\n \n \n \n sterilization,\n \n \n \n pasteurization,\n \n \n \n Bacillus anthracis,\n \n \n \n in vitro,\n \n \n \n bacterial infection,\n \n \n \n Streptococcus pyogenes,\n \n \n \n salomonella,\n \n \n \n pathogeny,\n \n \n \n exotoxins,\n \n \n \n endotoxins,\n \n \n \n Diplococcus pneumoniae,\n \n \n \n in vivo,\n \n \n \n septicaemia,\n \n \n \n antibiotics,\n \n \n \n prokaryotes,\n \n \n \n phospholipids,\n \n \n \n chemoautotrophic,\n \n \n \n chemosyntesis,\n \n \n \n eye,\n \n \n \n accommodation,\n \n \n \n orbits,\n \n \n \n retina,\n \n \n \n cornea,\n \n \n \n blind spot,\n \n \n \n cones,\n \n \n \n rods,\n \n \n \n daltonism,\n \n \n \n oligodendrocytes,\n \n \n \n cranial nerve,\n \n \n \n aqueous humor,\n \n \n \n choroid,\n \n \n \n conjunctiva,\n \n \n \n lacrimal gland,\n \n \n \n refraction defects,\n \n \n \n visual cortex,\n \n \n \n ganglionic cells,\n \n \n \n bipolar cells,\n \n \n \n double-stranded DNA,\n \n \n \n ligase,\n \n \n \n growth hormone,\n \n \n \n CFTR,\n \n \n \n restrictase,\n \n \n \n prokaryotic cells,\n \n \n \n eukaryotic cells,\n \n \n \n genetic probe,\n \n \n \n colchicine,\n \n \n \n diagnosis,\n \n \n \n alpha-1-antitripsin,\n \n \n \n transgenic proteins,\n \n \n \n amino group,\n \n \n \n carboxyl group,\n \n \n \n leucine,\n \n \n \n valine,\n \n \n \n primary structure,\n \n \n \n protein receptors,\n \n \n \n quaternary structure,\n \n \n \n alkaline amino acids,\n \n \n \n amino acids classification,\n \n \n \n b-sheet,\n \n \n \n immunoglobulin,\n \n \n \n isoleucine serine,\n \n \n \n ?-helix,\n \n \n \n non-polar amino acids,\n \n \n \n polar amino acids,\n \n \n \n threonine,\n \n \n \n methionine,\n \n \n \n cystine,\n \n \n \n phenylalanine,\n \n \n \n tryptophan,\n \n \n \n proline,\n \n \n \n lysine,\n \n \n \n arginine,\n \n \n \n aspartic acid,\n \n \n \n asparagine glutamic acid,\n \n \n \n glutamine proteins,\n \n \n \n fatty acids,\n \n \n \n transformations,\n \n \n \n triglycerides,\n \n \n \n metabolic,\n \n \n \n gluconeogenesis,\n \n \n \n glycogenolysis,\n \n \n \n glycogenesis,\n \n \n \n lipogenesis,\n \n \n \n protein synthesis,\n \n \n \n proteolysys,\n \n \n \n fruiting body,\n \n \n \n haustorium,\n \n \n \n symbiosis,\n \n \n \n mycelium,\n \n \n \n lichens,\n \n \n \n sporocarp,\n \n \n \n zoospore,\n \n \n \n opisthokont,\n \n \n \n syngamy,\n \n \n \n endomycorrhiza,\n \n \n \n mycorrhizae,\n \n \n \n rhizines,\n \n \n \n soredia,\n \n \n \n oxidase,\n \n \n \n peroxidase,\n \n \n \n infarction,\n \n \n \n free radicals,\n \n \n \n clinical chemistry,\n \n \n \n immunological complex,\n \n \n \n trichloroacetic acid,\n \n \n \n glucometer,\n \n \n \n toxoplasma,\n \n \n \n phosphatase,\n \n \n \n AP,\n \n \n \n ELISA,\n \n \n \n HRP,\n \n \n \n reporter enzyme,\n \n \n \n laboratories,\n \n \n \n tetanus,\n \n \n \n tendon,\n \n \n \n muscle fiber,\n \n \n \n cardiomyocyte,\n \n \n \n neuromuscular junctions,\n \n \n \n contractions,\n \n \n \n thick filaments,\n \n \n \n thin filaments,\n \n \n \n anisotropic,\n \n \n \n isotropic (I) bands,\n \n \n \n M line,\n \n \n \n sarcomere,\n \n \n \n Z line,\n \n \n \n muscular tissue,\n \n \n \n fascia,\n \n \n \n isotonic contraction,\n \n \n \n isometric contraction,\n \n \n \n mechanical summation,\n \n \n \n electromyography,\n \n \n \n concentric work,\n \n \n \n eccentric work,\n \n \n \n succulent,\n \n \n \n cam,\n \n \n \n cutin,\n \n \n \n water evaporation,\n \n \n \n suberin,\n \n \n \n cuticular transpiration,\n \n \n \n lenticel,\n \n \n \n parenchyma cells,\n \n \n \n crassulacean acid metabolism,\n \n \n \n mesophyte,\n \n \n \n sclerophyte,\n \n \n \n turgidity,\n \n \n \n external transpiration,\n \n \n \n cancer,\n \n \n \n viruses,\n \n \n \n environmental pollution,\n \n \n \n cytokines,\n \n \n \n NK cells,\n \n \n \n BRCA genes,\n \n \n \n cyclins,\n \n \n \n proto-oncogenes,\n \n \n \n neoplastic transformation,\n \n \n \n cellular oncogenes,\n \n \n \n somatic cells,\n \n \n \n prophase,\n \n \n \n anaphase,\n \n \n \n karyokinesis,\n \n \n \n cytokinesis,\n \n \n \n G1 phase,\n \n \n \n S phase,\n \n \n \n G2 phase,\n \n \n \n metaphase plate,\n \n \n \n telophase,\n \n \n \n spindle,\n \n \n \n flow cytometer,\n \n \n \n G0 phase,\n \n \n \n fusion,\n \n \n \n blastula,\n \n \n \n transgenic plant,\n \n \n \n cloning,\n \n \n \n totipotency,\n \n \n \n replicate,\n \n \n \n autologous transplantation,\n \n \n \n allogeneic transplantation,\n \n \n \n embryonic cell,\n \n \n \n zona pellucida,\n \n \n \n vagina,\n \n \n \n penis,\n \n \n \n implantation,\n \n \n \n endometrium,\n \n \n \n ejaculation,\n \n \n \n cleavage,\n \n \n \n blastocyst,\n \n \n \n blastomere,\n \n \n \n capacitation,\n \n \n \n acrosome reaction,\n \n \n \n joint,\n \n \n \n epidemic,\n \n \n \n pandemic,\n \n \n \n endemic,\n \n \n \n Multiple sclerosis,\n \n \n \n vitiligo,\n \n \n \n rheumatoid arthritis,\n \n \n \n histocompatibility complex,\n \n \n \n MHC,\n \n \n \n cytotoxic T cells,\n \n \n \n concept of disease,\n \n \n \n water loss,\n \n \n \n sweat,\n \n \n \n uric acid,\n \n \n \n rumen,\n \n \n \n reticulum,\n \n \n \n abomasum,\n \n \n \n omasum,\n \n \n \n metabolic water,\n \n \n \n renal mechanisms,\n \n \n \n intestinal mechanisms,\n \n \n \n juxtamedullary nephrons,\n \n \n \n cortical nephrons,\n \n \n \n regulation of water loss in desert animals,\n \n \n \n HIV,\n \n \n \n virus,\n \n \n \n lymphocyte,\n \n \n \n AIDS,\n \n \n \n virion,\n \n \n \n viral,\n \n \n \n lymph node,\n \n \n \n Kaposi\xe2\x80\x99s sarcoma,\n \n \n \n CD4,\n \n \n \n CTL,\n \n \n \n dendritic cell,\n \n \n \n helper cells,\n \n \n \n virus replication,\n \n \n \n life,\n \n \n \n earth,\n \n \n \n starch,\n \n \n \n nitrogen,\n \n \n \n phosphorus,\n \n \n \n methane,\n \n \n \n ammonia,\n \n \n \n chemical elements,\n \n \n \n triglyceride,\n \n \n \n trace elements,\n \n \n \n macroelements,\n \n \n \n adhesion,\n \n \n \n Stanley Miller,\n \n \n \n sulfur,\n \n \n \n molecular structure of water,\n \n \n \n beginnings of life,\n \n \n \n biogenic compound,\n \n \n \n biogenic elements,\n \n \n \n physical properties of water,\n \n \n \n ultra trace elements,\n \n \n \n cell structure,\n \n \n \n plant cell,\n \n \n \n chloroplast,\n \n \n \n rough endoplasmic reticulum,\n \n \n \n RER,\n \n \n \n smooth endoplasmic reticulum,\n \n \n \n cytoskeleton,\n \n \n \n chromatin,\n \n \n \n nucleoplasm,\n \n \n \n actin,\n \n \n \n myosin,\n \n \n \n lipid layer,\n \n \n \n active euchromatin,\n \n \n \n cell matrix,\n \n \n \n chromatin structure,\n \n \n \n cytokeratins,\n \n \n \n desmin,\n \n \n \n ER lumen,\n \n \n \n inactive heterochromatin,\n \n \n \n lateral movement,\n \n \n \n microtubules cell structure,\n \n \n \n primary wall,\n \n \n \n vimentin,\n \n \n \n wall formatio,\n \n \n \n ultrastructures,\n \n \n \n vitamin A,\n \n \n \n vitamin D,\n \n \n \n glycerol,\n \n \n \n wax,\n \n \n \n lipid,\n \n \n \n steroid,\n \n \n \n triacylglycerols,\n \n \n \n steroid hormone,\n \n \n \n free fatty acids,\n \n \n \n ester,\n \n \n \n properties,\n \n \n \n b-carotene,\n \n \n \n bone remodeling,\n \n \n \n choline,\n \n \n \n ethanoloamine,\n \n \n \n glycerol esters,\n \n \n \n monohydroxyl alcohols,\n \n \n \n saturated fatty acids,\n \n \n \n sphingosine,\n \n \n \n sterol,\n \n \n \n true fats,\n \n \n \n unsaturated fatty acids,\n \n \n \n solution,\n \n \n \n reduction,\n \n \n \n tissues,\n \n \n \n separation,\n \n \n \n cysteine,\n \n \n \n biochemical,\n \n \n \n anomers,\n \n \n \n agarose,\n \n \n \n polyacrylamide,\n \n \n \n organic solvents,\n \n \n \n polyacrylamide gel,\n \n \n \n tests,\n \n \n \n chromatography,\n \n \n \n biochemical tests,\n \n \n \n air,\n \n \n \n ecological succession,\n \n \n \n vacuoles,\n \n \n \n plasmodesmata,\n \n \n \n cambium,\n \n \n \n endodermis,\n \n \n \n root pressure,\n \n \n \n translocation,\n \n \n \n apoplast,\n \n \n \n symplast,\n \n \n \n acceptors,\n \n \n \n donors,\n \n \n \n hydathodes,\n \n \n \n nerve impulse,\n \n \n \n dendrites,\n \n \n \n excitability,\n \n \n \n Schwann cells,\n \n \n \n nerve fibers,\n \n \n \n glial cells,\n \n \n \n refractory period,\n \n \n \n repolarisation,\n \n \n \n threshold value,\n \n \n \n terminal bouton,\n \n \n \n orthodromal transmission,\n \n \n \n excitability of neurons,\n \n \n \n transcription,\n \n \n \n hydrolases,\n \n \n \n oxidoreductases,\n \n \n \n lyases,\n \n \n \n ligases,\n \n \n \n transferases,\n \n \n \n isomerases,\n \n \n \n biocatalysts,\n \n \n \n endergonic transformation,\n \n \n \n exergonic transformation,\n \n \n \n proenzymes,\n \n \n \n vena cava,\n \n \n \n aorta,\n \n \n \n amnion,\n \n \n \n umbilical cord,\n \n \n \n pregnancy,\n \n \n \n chorion,\n \n \n \n chorionic gonadotrophin,\n \n \n \n development of the human embryo,\n \n \n \n chorionic villi,\n \n \n \n lactation,\n \n \n \n amniotic fluid,\n \n \n \n foramen ovale,\n \n \n \n factors,\n \n \n \n mRNA,\n \n \n \n gonad,\n \n \n \n expression of gene,\n \n \n \n influencing,\n \n \n \n hormones,\n \n \n \n autotrophs,\n \n \n \n unsaturated fats,\n \n \n \n saturated fats,\n \n \n \n essential amino acids,\n \n \n \n non-essential amino acids,\n \n \n \n transamination,\n \n \n \n childhood,\n \n \n \n adolescence,\n \n \n \n process,\n \n \n \n maturity,\n \n \n \n stroke,\n \n \n \n newborn,\n \n \n \n dementia,\n \n \n \n wrinkles,\n \n \n \n chemical stimuli,\n \n \n \n neoplasms,\n \n \n \n aging,\n \n \n \n chemoreception,\n \n \n \n gerontology,\n \n \n \n Alzheimer\xe2\x80\x99s disease,\n \n \n \n infancy,\n \n \n \n middle age,\n \n \n \n senility,\n \n \n \n andropause,\n \n \n \n atheromatosis,\n \n \n \n arthritis,\n \n \n \n infarct,\n \n \n \n fish,\n \n \n \n birds,\n \n \n \n mammals,\n \n \n \n vertebrate,\n \n \n \n sternum,\n \n \n \n oxygenated blood,\n \n \n \n amphibians,\n \n \n \n reptiles,\n \n \n \n chordates,\n \n \n \n notochord,\n \n \n \n mammary gland,\n \n \n \n amplexus,\n \n \n \n cyclostomes,\n \n \n \n features,\n \n \n \n breeding,\n \n \n \n emigration,\n \n \n \n parthenogenesis,\n \n \n \n morality,\n \n \n \n death-rate,\n \n \n \n procreation,\n \n \n \n breeding success,\n \n \n \n molecules,\n \n \n \n ribosomes,\n \n \n \n membranes,\n \n \n \n stroma,\n \n \n \n grana,\n \n \n \n rubisco,\n \n \n \n NADPH,\n \n \n \n photosystems,\n \n \n \n photolysis of water,\n \n \n \n regeneration of RuBP,\n \n \n \n biochemistry,\n \n \n \n biochemistry of photosynthesis,\n \n \n \n limb,\n \n \n \n taxonomy,\n \n \n \n anatomical features,\n \n \n \n biochemical features,\n \n \n \n morphological features,\n \n \n \n degree of relationship,\n \n \n \n physiologic features,\n \n \n \n hepatocyte,\n \n \n \n polysaccharides,\n \n \n \n buccal cavity,\n \n \n \n salivary glands,\n \n \n \n alimentary system,\n \n \n \n peptides,\n \n \n \n heterodonty,\n \n \n \n pharynyx,\n \n \n \n level,\n \n \n \n catabolism,\n \n \n \n anabolism,\n \n \n \n lipolysis,\n \n \n \n reabsorption,\n \n \n \n basal metabolism,\n \n \n \n fasting period,\n \n \n \n hyperglycemia,\n \n \n \n hypoglycemia,\n \n \n \n ketone bodies,\n \n \n \n acetoacetic acid,\n \n \n \n protista,\n \n \n \n spore,\n \n \n \n plankton,\n \n \n \n colony,\n \n \n \n eyespot,\n \n \n \n contractile vacuole,\n \n \n \n alternation of generations,\n \n \n \n conjugation,\n \n \n \n bioluminescence,\n \n \n \n carotenes,\n \n \n \n macronucleus,\n \n \n \n micronucleus,\n \n \n \n pellicle,\n \n \n \n resting spore,\n \n \n \n cilium,\n \n \n \n code,\n \n \n \n synthesis,\n \n \n \n auxotrophic mutants,\n \n \n \n disulphide bond,\n \n \n \n ribonucleosides,\n \n \n \n chest,\n \n \n \n ventilation,\n \n \n \n inspiration,\n \n \n \n nerve cell,\n \n \n \n bronchioles,\n \n \n \n trachea,\n \n \n \n bronchus,\n \n \n \n alveoli,\n \n \n \n breath,\n \n \n \n expiration,\n \n \n \n intercostal muscles,\n \n \n \n motor nerve cell,\n \n \n \n capillary system,\n \n \n \n gaseous exchange,\n \n \n \n plant,\n \n \n \n aquatic plants,\n \n \n \n factors affecting photosynthesis,\n \n \n \n epidermal cells,\n \n \n \n PGA,\n \n \n \n xerophytes,\n \n \n \n phosphoglyceric acid,\n \n \n \n C3,\n \n \n \n C4,\n \n \n \n oxalo-acetat,\n \n \n \n feedback,\n \n \n \n perception,\n \n \n \n sensation,\n \n \n \n pain receptor,\n \n \n \n activation threshold,\n \n \n \n electromagnetic receptor,\n \n \n \n lateral line system,\n \n \n \n Meissner corpuscle,\n \n \n \n muscle spindle,\n \n \n \n sensory adaptation,\n \n \n \n mining,\n \n \n \n heterotrophic,\n \n \n \n heterotrophic organisms,\n \n \n \n coenocyte,\n \n \n \n lignin,\n \n \n \n heterotrophic nutrition,\n \n \n \n saprotrophic nutrition,\n \n \n \n saprotrophic organisms,\n \n \n \n genetic disease,\n \n \n \n secondary sexual characteristics,\n \n \n \n acrocentric chromosome,\n \n \n \n chromosomal,\n \n \n \n triploidy,\n \n \n \n tetraploidy,\n \n \n \n Burkitt\xe2\x80\x99s lymphoma,\n \n \n \n chronic granulocytic leukemia,\n \n \n \n red blood cells,\n \n \n \n white blood cells,\n \n \n \n arteries,\n \n \n \n erythrocytes,\n \n \n \n Platelets,\n \n \n \n leucocytes,\n \n \n \n granulocytes,\n \n \n \n thrombocytes,\n \n \n \n lymph,\n \n \n \n oxyhemoglobin,\n \n \n \n veins,\n \n \n \n resorption,\n \n \n \n agranulocytes,\n \n \n \n amylose,\n \n \n \n antibiotic resistance,\n \n \n \n bioreactor,\n \n \n \n transgenic organisms,\n \n \n \n PCR,\n \n \n \n restriction enzyme,\n \n \n \n polymerase chain reaction,\n \n \n \n microinjection,\n \n \n \n transgenic,\n \n \n \n gene gun,\n \n \n \n antithrombin,\n \n \n \n immunity,\n \n \n \n specificity,\n \n \n \n prion,\n \n \n \n central lymphatic organ,\n \n \n \n free radical pathogen,\n \n \n \n peripheral lymphatic organ,\n \n \n \n somatic recombination,\n \n \n \n Tc lymphocytes,\n \n \n \n cytotoxic T,\n \n \n \n human immunity,\n \n \n \n selection,\n \n \n \n elements,\n \n \n \n genetics,\n \n \n \n formation,\n \n \n \n meteorite,\n \n \n \n mycorrhiza,\n \n \n \n co-evolution macro-evolution,\n \n \n \n mega-evolution,\n \n \n \n micro-evolution,\n \n \n \n concept,\n \n \n \n glands,\n \n \n \n sodium chloride,\n \n \n \n baroreceptor,\n \n \n \n interoreceptors,\n \n \n \n effectors,\n \n \n \n bicarbonate ions,\n \n \n \n Teleceptors,\n \n \n \n exteroceptors,\n \n \n \n proprioceptors,\n \n \n \n centriole,\n \n \n \n tetrad,\n \n \n \n chromatid,\n \n \n \n crossing over,\n \n \n \n chiasmata,\n \n \n \n synapsis,\n \n \n \n bivalent,\n \n \n \n chiasma,\n \n \n \n reduction division,\n \n \n \n predator,\n \n \n \n ecology,\n \n \n \n predation,\n \n \n \n circulation,\n \n \n \n maltose,\n \n \n \n occurrence,\n \n \n \n glycoside bond,\n \n \n \n aldehyde,\n \n \n \n isomer,\n \n \n \n aldehyde group,\n \n \n \n biological functions of carbohydrates,\n \n \n \n chemical structure of carbohydrates,\n \n \n \n dihydroxyacetone,\n \n \n \n glyceraldehyde,\n \n \n \n glycocalyx,\n \n \n \n hexose,\n \n \n \n ketone group,\n \n \n \n occurrence of carbohydrates,\n \n \n \n storage polysaccharides,\n \n \n \n structural polysaccharides,\n \n \n \n triose,\n \n \n \n lung,\n \n \n \n artery,\n \n \n \n stomata,\n \n \n \n surfaces,\n \n \n \n mitochondrial matrix,\n \n \n \n respiratory organs,\n \n \n \n single,\n \n \n \n genetic information,\n \n \n \n locus,\n \n \n \n trait,\n \n \n \n hereditary factor,\n \n \n \n simple diffusion,\n \n \n \n dynamic equilibrium,\n \n \n \n sodium-potassium pump,\n \n \n \n carrier proteins receptors,\n \n \n \n endocytosis,\n \n \n \n hypotonic,\n \n \n \n hypertonic,\n \n \n \n Ilya Mechnikov,\n \n \n \n isotonic,\n \n \n \n osmotic potential,\n \n \n \n pinocytosis,\n \n \n \n exocytosis,\n \n \n \n hemolysis,\n \n \n \n water potential,\n \n \n \n traits,\n \n \n \n F1 generation,\n \n \n \n codominance multiple alleles,\n \n \n \n sicklecell anemia,\n \n \n \n epistasis,\n \n \n \n globin,\n \n \n \n electrocardiography,\n \n \n \n myocardial infarction,\n \n \n \n coronary heart disease,\n \n \n \n coronary,\n \n \n \n ischaemia,\n \n \n \n unsaturated lipid,\n \n \n \n saturated lipid,\n \n \n \n atheroma,\n \n \n \n heart arrhythmia,\n \n \n \n heart failure,\n \n \n \n primary prevention,\n \n \n \n secondary prevention,\n \n \n \n echocardiography,\n \n \n \n specialization,\n \n \n \n embryonic stem cell,\n \n \n \n non-embryonic stem cell,\n \n \n \n Hayflick limit,\n \n \n \n pluripotent stem cell,\n \n \n \n totipotent stem cell,\n \n \n \n unipotent stem cell,\n \n \n \n blastocysts,\n \n \n \n erythroblast,\n \n \n \n erythropoiesis,\n \n \n \n ovary,\n \n \n \n reproductive,\n \n \n \n testis,\n \n \n \n pituitary,\n \n \n \n gonads,\n \n \n \n spermatogenesis,\n \n \n \n follicle-stimulating hormone,\n \n \n \n Leydig cells,\n \n \n \n GnRH,\n \n \n \n gonadotrophin,\n \n \n \n oogenesis,\n \n \n \n spermatogonia,\n \n \n \n gonochoristic organisms,\n \n \n \n hermaphroditic organisms,\n \n \n \n Sertoli cells,\n \n \n \n functions,\n \n \n \n blood pressure,\n \n \n \n systemic circulation,\n \n \n \n pulmonary circulation,\n \n \n \n pericardium,\n \n \n \n cardiac cycle,\n \n \n \n cardiac output,\n \n \n \n stroke volume,\n \n \n \n coronary vessels,\n \n \n \n endocrine systems,\n \n \n \n vacuole,\n \n \n \n microscope,\n \n \n \n magnification,\n \n \n \n lysosome,\n \n \n \n ribosome,\n \n \n \n peroxisome,\n \n \n \n flagella,\n \n \n \n pilus,\n \n \n \n prokaryotic,\n \n \n \n gram-negative bacteria,\n \n \n \n bacterial chromosome,\n \n \n \n eukaryotic,\n \n \n \n peptidoglycan,\n \n \n \n light (optical) microscope,\n \n \n \n lipopolysaccharide,\n \n \n \n mesosome,\n \n \n \n optical resolution,\n \n \n \n morphology,\n \n \n \n hemophilia,\n \n \n \n color blindness,\n \n \n \n baldness,\n \n \n \n aneuploidy,\n \n \n \n autosome,\n \n \n \n autosomes,\n \n \n \n SRY gene,\n \n \n \n hemizygote,\n \n \n \n linked traits,\n \n \n \n karyotypes,\n \n \n \n homologous regions,\n \n \n \n non-homologous regions,\n \n \n \n ovule,\n \n \n \n thallus,\n \n \n \n angiosperms,\n \n \n \n rhizoid,\n \n \n \n gametophyte,\n \n \n \n sporophyte,\n \n \n \n antheridia,\n \n \n \n archegonia,\n \n \n \n antheridium,\n \n \n \n protonema,\n \n \n \n indusium,\n \n \n \n products,\n \n \n \n alimentary canal,\n \n \n \n gland,\n \n \n \n absorption,\n \n \n \n intestinal villi,\n \n \n \n chylomicron,\n \n \n \n intestinall wall,\n \n \n \n Brunner\xe2\x80\x99s glands,\n \n \n \n chemistry,\n \n \n \n contraction,\n \n \n \n thick filament,\n \n \n \n oxygen debt,\n \n \n \n tropomyosin,\n \n \n \n troponin,\n \n \n \n sarcoplasmic reticulum,\n \n \n \n phosphocreatine,\n \n \n \n F actin,\n \n \n \n G actin,\n \n \n \n myosin head,\n \n \n \n myosin tail,\n \n \n \n thin filament,\n \n \n \n T-tubules,\n \n \n \n maximal oxygen uptake,\n \n \n \n fruit,\n \n \n \n pollination,\n \n \n \n pollen grain,\n \n \n \n stamen,\n \n \n \n seed,\n \n \n \n sexual,\n \n \n \n apical meristem,\n \n \n \n angiosperm,\n \n \n \n embryo sac,\n \n \n \n pistil,\n \n \n \n perianth,\n \n \n \n tapetum,\n \n \n \n protandry,\n \n \n \n protogyny,\n \n \n \n heterostyly,\n \n \n \n self-pollination,\n \n \n \n cross-pollination,\n \n \n \n sexual reproduction in plants,\n \n \n \n ultraviolet radiation,\n \n \n \n radioactivity,\n \n \n \n ionising radiation,\n \n \n \n mutagens,\n \n \n \n methylation,\n \n \n \n anti-metabolite,\n \n \n \n ribonuclosides,\n \n \n \n thymidine dimers,\n \n \n \n ethidium bromide,\n \n \n \n actions,\n \n \n \n medicines,\n \n \n \n allergic reaction,\n \n \n \n pathogen,\n \n \n \n morphine,\n \n \n \n acetylsalicylic acid,\n \n \n \n macrolides,\n \n \n \n tetracyclines,\n \n \n \n quinine,\n \n \n \n myeloma,\n \n \n \n HAT medium,\n \n \n \n aminoglycosides,\n \n \n \n polymyxins,\n \n \n \n gramicidins penicillin,\n \n \n \n novobiocin,\n \n \n \n lincosamides nystatin,\n \n \n \n griseofulvin,\n \n \n \n chloramphenicol,\n \n \n \n beta-1 receptors,\n \n \n \n beta-2 receptors,\n \n \n \n monoclonal antibodies,\n \n \n \n actions of different groups of medicines,\n \n \n \n glomerular filtration,\n \n \n \n osmolality,\n \n \n \n iso-osmotic solutions,\n \n \n \n hypo-osmotic solution,\n \n \n \n hyperosmotic solution,\n \n \n \n symport,\n \n \n \n antiport,\n \n \n \n regulating,\n \n \n \n role of the kidneys in regulating water-electrolyte balance,\n \n \n \n intestine,\n \n \n \n anus,\n \n \n \n invertebrates,\n \n \n \n Malpighian tubule,\n \n \n \n protonephridium,\n \n \n \n pharynx,\n \n \n \n metanephridium,\n \n \n \n ommatidia,\n \n \n \n hemimetaboly,\n \n \n \n holometaboly,\n \n \n \n axial skeleton,\n \n \n \n radula,\n \n \n \n nymph,\n \n \n \n parapodia,\n \n \n \n memory,\n \n \n \n dendrite,\n \n \n \n reflex,\n \n \n \n glial cell,\n \n \n \n central nervous system,\n \n \n \n peripheral nervous system,\n \n \n \n CNS,\n \n \n \n sympathetic nervous system,\n \n \n \n parasympathetic nervous system,\n \n \n \n somatic nervous system,\n \n \n \n limbic system,\n \n \n \n centralization,\n \n \n \n cephalization,\n \n \n \n hippocampus,\n \n \n \n long-term memory,\n \n \n \n neurulation,\n \n \n \n short-term memory,\n \n \n \n sympathetic nerve trunk,\n \n \n \n ovaries,\n \n \n \n testes,\n \n \n \n thyroid,\n \n \n \n moulting,\n \n \n \n T4,\n \n \n \n adrenal cortex,\n \n \n \n adrenal medulla,\n \n \n \n calcitonin,\n \n \n \n thymosin,\n \n \n \n glucocorticoids,\n \n \n \n cortisol,\n \n \n \n melatonin,\n \n \n \n hormonal,\n \n \n \n parathyroid glands,\n \n \n \n beta cells,\n \n \n \n mineralocorticoids,\n \n \n \n androgens,\n \n \n \n hormonal regulation,\n \n \n \n DHEA,\n \n \n \n alpha cells,\n \n \n \n endocrine glands thymus,\n \n \n \n pineal,\n \n \n \n triiodothyronine T3,\n \n \n \n parathyroid hormone,\n \n \n \n anaerobic respiration,\n \n \n \n AMP,\n \n \n \n cell respiration,\n \n \n \n phosphorylation,\n \n \n \n adenosine monophosphate,\n \n \n \n adenosine diphosphate,\n \n \n \n Coenzyme A,\n \n \n \n CoA,\n \n \n \n phosphate groups,\n \n \n \n vitamins,\n \n \n \n requirements,\n \n \n \n nutritional,\n \n \n \n coenzymes,\n \n \n \n avitaminosis,\n \n \n \n exogenous amino acids,\n \n \n \n endogenous amino acids,\n \n \n \n nutritional requirements,\n \n \n \n rickets,\n \n \n \n insulin-independent,\n \n \n \n vegetarian diet,\n \n \n \n hypovitaminosis,\n \n \n \n sugar,\n \n \n \n microorganisms,\n \n \n \n proteases,\n \n \n \n amylases,\n \n \n \n papain,\n \n \n \n lactose,\n \n \n \n alcoholic fermentation,\n \n \n \n lyophilization,\n \n \n \n transgenic micro-organism,\n \n \n \n birth,\n \n \n \n humans,\n \n \n \n uterus,\n \n \n \n menstrual cycle,\n \n \n \n contraception,\n \n \n \n condom,\n \n \n \n ovarian follicle,\n \n \n \n estrus,\n \n \n \n super-ovulation,\n \n \n \n artificial insemination,\n \n \n \n Billings method,\n \n \n \n rhythm method,\n \n \n \n temperature method,\n \n \n \n spermicide,\n \n \n \n hormone pill,\n \n \n \n hormone plaster,\n \n \n \n intrauterine device,\n \n \n \n IUD,\n \n \n \n implantation of embryo,\n \n \n \n Billings ovulation method,\n \n \n \n hormonal contraceptives,\n \n \n \n organ,\n \n \n \n urea,\n \n \n \n blood vessel,\n \n \n \n prothrombin,\n \n \n \n basement membrane,\n \n \n \n fibrinogen,\n \n \n \n homeostatic,\n \n \n \n haem,\n \n \n \n colloid osmotic pressure,\n \n \n \n proteolytic enzyme,\n \n \n \n urea cycle,\n \n \n \n ornithine cycle,\n \n \n \n ornithine,\n \n \n \n creatinine,\n \n \n \n molality,\n \n \n \n counter-current system,\n \n \n \n Conn\xe2\x80\x99s syndrome,\n \n \n \n hyperaldosteronism,\n \n \n \n reflex arc,\n \n \n \n efferent fibers,\n \n \n \n afferent fibers,\n \n \n \n involuntary,\n \n \n \n monosynaptic reflex,\n \n \n \n autonomic reflex,\n \n \n \n central delay,\n \n \n \n common end-pathway,\n \n \n \n spinal reflex,\n \n \n \n medullary reflex,\n \n \n \n motor output,\n \n \n \n sensory input,\n \n \n \n time response,\n \n \n \n material,\n \n \n \n transformation,\n \n \n \n carrier,\n \n \n \n DNA helix,\n \n \n \n bacteriophage,\n \n \n \n DNA polymerase,\n \n \n \n protein capsule,\n \n \n \n development,\n \n \n \n growth,\n \n \n \n reproductive system,\n \n \n \n sex hormone,\n \n \n \n estrogens,\n \n \n \n somatotropin,\n \n \n \n allometric growth,\n \n \n \n isometric growth,\n \n \n \n wet dream,\n \n \n \n nocturnal emission,\n \n \n \n limited growth,\n \n \n \n unlimited growth,\n \n \n \n hypopituitarism,\n \n \n \n hyperpituitarism,\n \n \n \n aerobic,\n \n \n \n mitochondrion,\n \n \n \n NADH,\n \n \n \n FADH2,\n \n \n \n pyruvic acid,\n \n \n \n oxidases,\n \n \n \n acyl group,\n \n \n \n thioester bond,\n \n \n \n acetyl group,\n \n \n \n transition reaction,\n \n \n \n flavoprotein,\n \n \n \n coenzyme Q,\n \n \n \n iron,\n \n \n \n gas exchange,\n \n \n \n gases,\n \n \n \n heme,\n \n \n \n respiratory gases,\n \n \n \n transport of respiratory gases,\n \n \n \n transport of carbon dioxide,\n \n \n \n partial pressure,\n \n \n \n respiratory pigment,\n \n \n \n partial pressure of oxygen,\n \n \n \n torr,\n \n \n \n Bohr effect,\n \n \n \n carbaminohemoglobin,\n \n \n \n carboxyhemoglobin,\n \n \n \n Christian Bohr,\n \n \n \n cooperative binding of oxygen,\n \n \n \n deoxygenated hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n forms of hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n gas exchange in organisms,\n \n \n \n methemoglobin,\n \n \n \n oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n oxygen saturation of hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n oxygenated hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n role of hemoglobin in carbon dioxide transport,\n \n \n \n role of myoglobin,\n \n \n \n storage of oxygen,\n \n \n \n structure of hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n types of hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n canal,\n \n \n \n processing,\n \n \n \n hydrochloric acid,\n \n \n \n pepsin,\n \n \n \n lipase,\n \n \n \n pancreatic amylase,\n \n \n \n trypsin,\n \n \n \n duodenum,\n \n \n \n villi,\n \n \n \n Glycerol,\n \n \n \n polypeptide chain,\n \n \n \n nucleases,\n \n \n \n salivary amylase,\n \n \n \n gall bladder,\n \n \n \n casein,\n \n \n \n lipid digestion,\n \n \n \n protein digestion,\n \n \n \n carbohydrate digestion,\n \n \n \n Nucleotide,\n \n \n \n rennin,\n \n \n \n dipeptide,\n \n \n \n tripeptide,\n \n \n \n chymotrypsin,\n \n \n \n aminopeptidases,\n \n \n \n bile salts,\n \n \n \n carboxyl group (COOH) of amino acid,\n \n \n \n carboxypeptidase,\n \n \n \n caseinogen,\n \n \n \n chymosin,\n \n \n \n disaccharidases,\n \n \n \n endopeptidases,\n \n \n \n free amino acids,\n \n \n \n gastric glands,\n \n \n \n glycerides,\n \n \n \n human digestive system,\n \n \n \n lipid droplets,\n \n \n \n lipid globules,\n \n \n \n monosaccharidases,\n \n \n \n nucleic acid digestion,\n \n \n \n pepsin proteins,\n \n \n \n peptide bond breakdown,\n \n \n \n short chain polypeptide,\n \n \n \n nervous,\n \n \n \n stress,\n \n \n \n antagonistic action,\n \n \n \n autonomic,\n \n \n \n autonomic ganglion,\n \n \n \n sympathetic division,\n \n \n \n parasympathetic division,\n \n \n \n suprarenal glands,\n \n \n \n sympathetic nerve trunks,\n \n \n \n sun,\n \n \n \n land,\n \n \n \n natural,\n \n \n \n unit,\n \n \n \n environmental,\n \n \n \n functional,\n \n \n \n tundra,\n \n \n \n steppe,\n \n \n \n gen,\n \n \n \n organized,\n \n \n \n healthy,\n \n \n \n nicotine,\n \n \n \n carbon monoxide,\n \n \n \n ischaemic heart disease,\n \n \n \n carcinogens,\n \n \n \n diseases of civilization,\n \n \n \n ischaemic heart,\n \n \n \n neurotoxin,\n \n \n \n saxitoxin,\n \n \n \n World Health Organisation,\n \n \n \n Characteristics of a healthy organism,\n \n \n \n brain,\n \n \n \n animal,\n \n \n \n society,\n \n \n \n navigation,\n \n \n \n behavior,\n \n \n \n communication,\n \n \n \n instinct,\n \n \n \n stimulus,\n \n \n \n adaptation,\n \n \n \n migration,\n \n \n \n effector,\n \n \n \n territorial behavior,\n \n \n \n taxes,\n \n \n \n taxis,\n \n \n \n tropism,\n \n \n \n phototaxis,\n \n \n \n ethology,\n \n \n \n involuntary reflex,\n \n \n \n aphasia,\n \n \n \n thermotaxis,\n \n \n \n neocortex,\n \n \n \n habituation,\n \n \n \n maternal behavior,\n \n \n \n animal behavior,\n \n \n \n rich,\n \n \n \n herbivores,\n \n \n \n carnivores,\n \n \n \n omnivores,\n \n \n \n ciliates,\n \n \n \n ruminants,\n \n \n \n cecum,\n \n \n \n holozoic animals,\n \n \n \n cellulolytic symbionts,\n \n \n \n coprophagia,\n \n \n \n cecotrophy,\n \n \n \n individual,\n \n \n \n heredity,\n \n \n \n current,\n \n \n \n technique,\n \n \n \n centrifugation,\n \n \n \n cytology,\n \n \n \n electron microscopy,\n \n \n \n scanning electron microscopy,\n \n \n \n phase-contrast microscopy,\n \n \n \n fluorescence microscopy,\n \n \n \n density-gradient,\n \n \n \n zonal centrifugati,\n \n \n \n agriculture,\n \n \n \n conservation,\n \n \n \n pollution,\n \n \n \n household,\n \n \n \n flood,\n \n \n \n effects,\n \n \n \n deforestation,\n \n \n \n herbicide,\n \n \n \n contamination,\n \n \n \n human activity,\n \n \n \n poisons,\n \n \n \n national park,\n \n \n \n natural resources,\n \n \n \n reintroduction,\n \n \n \n ecosystems,\n \n \n \n ecosystem protection,\n \n \n \n halophytes,\n \n \n \n blood vessels,\n \n \n \n muscles,\n \n \n \n sweat glands,\n \n \n \n hairs,\n \n \n \n hibernation,\n \n \n \n evaporation,\n \n \n \n nerves,\n \n \n \n endotherms,\n \n \n \n ectotherms,\n \n \n \n cold receptors,\n \n \n \n heat receptors,\n \n \n \n hyperthermia,\n \n \n \n homeothermy,\n \n \n \n hypothermia,\n \n \n \n poikilothermic organisms,\n \n \n \n homeothermic organisms,\n \n \n \n hair erector,\n \n \n \n sebaceous glands,\n \n \n \n amplification,\n \n \n \n nucleotides,\n \n \n \n matrix DNA,\n \n \n \n polymerase,\n \n \n \n sticky ends,\n \n \n \n blunt ends,\n \n \n \n gene cloning,\n \n \n \n primer,\n \n \n \n primers,\n \n \n \n restriction endonuclease,\n \n \n \n bioreactors,\n \n \n \n gene vectors,\n \n \n \n DNA purification\n \n \n