Course topics

\n \n \n \n DNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n environment,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene,\n \n \n \n \n \n species,\n \n \n \n \n \n population,\n \n \n \n \n \n system,\n \n \n \n \n \n adaptation,\n \n \n \n \n \n energy,\n \n \n \n \n \n ecosystem,\n \n \n \n \n \n photosynthesis,\n \n \n \n \n \n plants,\n \n \n \n \n \n plant,\n \n \n \n \n \n cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n phenotype,\n \n \n \n \n \n allele,\n \n \n \n \n \n human,\n \n \n \n \n \n organisms,\n \n \n \n \n \n embryo,\n \n \n \n \n \n mutation,\n \n \n \n \n \n genetic,\n \n \n \n \n \n reproduction,\n \n \n \n \n \n evolution,\n \n \n \n \n \n inheritance,\n \n \n \n \n \n crossing-over,\n \n \n \n \n \n eutrophication,\n \n \n \n \n \n blood,\n \n \n \n \n \n antigen,\n \n \n \n \n \n genotype,\n \n \n \n \n \n homozygote,\n \n \n \n \n \n heterozygote,\n \n \n \n \n \n transpiration,\n \n \n \n \n \n variation,\n \n \n \n \n \n hemoglobin,\n \n \n \n \n \n respiration,\n \n \n \n \n \n diseases,\n \n \n \n \n \n individual,\n \n \n \n \n \n life,\n \n \n \n \n \n matter,\n \n \n \n \n \n herbivore,\n \n \n \n \n \n recombination,\n \n \n \n \n \n meiosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n collagen,\n \n \n \n \n \n bacteria,\n \n \n \n \n \n humans,\n \n \n \n \n \n antibodies,\n \n \n \n \n \n insulin,\n \n \n \n \n \n phagocytosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n mutations,\n \n \n \n \n \n capillaries,\n \n \n \n \n \n organic compounds,\n \n \n \n \n \n pituitary gland,\n \n \n \n \n \n gluconeogenesis,\n \n \n \n \n \n root,\n \n \n \n \n \n asexual reproduction,\n \n \n \n \n \n photoautotroph,\n \n \n \n \n \n autotrophs,\n \n \n \n \n \n hormones,\n \n \n \n \n \n hypothalamus,\n \n \n \n \n \n sex,\n \n \n \n \n \n natural selection,\n \n \n \n \n \n zygote,\n \n \n \n \n \n translation,\n \n \n \n \n \n transcription,\n \n \n \n \n \n amnion,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleotide,\n \n \n \n \n \n uracil,\n \n \n \n \n \n receptor,\n \n \n \n \n \n nerve impulse,\n \n \n \n \n \n synapse,\n \n \n \n \n \n inorganic compounds,\n \n \n \n \n \n RNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n competition,\n \n \n \n \n \n predation,\n \n \n \n \n \n herbivory,\n \n \n \n \n \n transport,\n \n \n \n \n \n invertebrates,\n \n \n \n \n \n vertebrates,\n \n \n \n \n \n homeostasis,\n \n \n \n \n \n osmosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n glucose,\n \n \n \n \n \n clone,\n \n \n \n \n \n autotroph,\n \n \n \n \n \n cells,\n \n \n \n \n \n predator,\n \n \n \n \n \n sperm cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n egg cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n testes,\n \n \n \n \n \n theory,\n \n \n \n \n \n skeletal,\n \n \n \n \n \n cartilage,\n \n \n \n \n \n osteoblasts,\n \n \n \n \n \n bone marrow,\n \n \n \n \n \n gametes,\n \n \n \n \n \n enzymes,\n \n \n \n \n \n proteins,\n \n \n \n \n \n pesticides,\n \n \n \n \n \n biomass,\n \n \n \n \n \n microorganisms,\n \n \n \n \n \n cell division,\n \n \n \n \n \n interphase,\n \n \n \n \n \n mitosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n groups,\n \n \n \n \n \n agglutination,\n \n \n \n \n \n pasteurization,\n \n \n \n \n \n biotechnology,\n \n \n \n \n \n lysosomes,\n \n \n \n \n \n granulocytes,\n \n \n \n \n \n tissues,\n \n \n \n \n \n cambium,\n \n \n \n \n \n cuticle,\n \n \n \n \n \n meristem,\n \n \n \n \n \n growth,\n \n \n \n \n \n vitamins,\n \n \n \n \n \n digestion,\n \n \n \n \n \n protease,\n \n \n \n \n \n nervous system,\n \n \n \n \n \n nerve cell,\n \n \n \n \n \n axon,\n \n \n \n \n \n myelin sheath,\n \n \n \n \n \n dendrites,\n \n \n \n \n \n peripheral nervous system,\n \n \n \n \n \n circulatory,\n \n \n \n \n \n circulatory system,\n \n \n \n \n \n pulse,\n \n \n \n \n \n biocenosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n pancreas,\n \n \n \n \n \n regulation,\n \n \n \n \n \n thyroid gland,\n \n \n \n \n \n metabolic,\n \n \n \n \n \n leaf,\n \n \n \n \n \n eukaryotes,\n \n \n \n \n \n alternation of generations,\n \n \n \n \n \n malaria,\n \n \n \n \n \n chromosomal aberration,\n \n \n \n \n \n genetic recombination,\n \n \n \n \n \n mutagens,\n \n \n \n \n \n deletion,\n \n \n \n \n \n monosomy,\n \n \n \n \n \n trisomy,\n \n \n \n \n \n endocrine glands,\n \n \n \n \n \n glucagon,\n \n \n \n \n \n gonads,\n \n \n \n \n \n symbiosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n membranous labyrinth,\n \n \n \n \n \n generation,\n \n \n \n \n \n birds,\n \n \n \n \n \n organ,\n \n \n \n \n \n adaptations,\n \n \n \n \n \n zooplankton,\n \n \n \n \n \n tRNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n necrosis,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleus,\n \n \n \n \n \n chromosome,\n \n \n \n \n \n solenoid,\n \n \n \n \n \n chromatin,\n \n \n \n \n \n homologous chromosomes,\n \n \n \n \n \n karyotype,\n \n \n \n \n \n engineering,\n \n \n \n \n \n applications,\n \n \n \n \n \n mitotic division,\n \n \n \n \n \n cytosine,\n \n \n \n \n \n thymine,\n \n \n \n \n \n hormone,\n \n \n \n \n \n stimulus,\n \n \n \n \n \n earth,\n \n \n \n \n \n cytoplasm,\n \n \n \n \n \n AIDS,\n \n \n \n \n \n environmental resources,\n \n \n \n \n \n ecological niche,\n \n \n \n \n \n animal food,\n \n \n \n \n \n plant food,\n \n \n \n \n \n xylem,\n \n \n \n \n \n phloem,\n \n \n \n \n \n pollution,\n \n \n \n \n \n poisons,\n \n \n \n \n \n environmental pollution,\n \n \n \n \n \n natural resources,\n \n \n \n \n \n animals,\n \n \n \n \n \n climate,\n \n \n \n \n \n atmosphere,\n \n \n \n \n \n prokaryotes,\n \n \n \n \n \n glacier,\n \n \n \n \n \n protoctists,\n \n \n \n \n \n production,\n \n \n \n \n \n fertilization,\n \n \n \n \n \n food chain,\n \n \n \n \n \n national park,\n \n \n \n \n \n ecosystems,\n \n \n \n \n \n mRNA,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleosome,\n \n \n \n \n \n codon,\n \n \n \n \n \n gene expression,\n \n \n \n \n \n polymerase,\n \n \n \n \n \n glycogen,\n \n \n \n \n \n habitat,\n \n \n \n \n \n heredity,\n \n \n \n \n \n ozone layer,\n \n \n \n \n \n phytoplankton,\n \n \n \n \n \n placenta,\n \n \n \n \n \n scale,\n \n \n \n \n \n water,\n \n \n \n \n \n polyp,\n \n \n \n \n \n oxygen,\n \n \n \n \n \n carbon dioxide,\n \n \n \n \n \n haploidy,\n \n \n \n \n \n food,\n \n \n \n \n \n fungi,\n \n \n \n \n \n spontaneous generation,\n \n \n \n \n \n composition,\n \n \n \n \n \n consumer,\n \n \n \n \n \n chemoautotroph,\n \n \n \n \n \n decomposer,\n \n \n \n \n \n mammals,\n \n \n \n \n \n sterilisation,\n \n \n \n \n \n bacterial,\n \n \n \n \n \n neurone,\n \n \n \n \n \n neurotransmitter,\n \n \n \n \n \n allantois,\n \n \n \n \n \n animal,\n \n \n \n \n \n antibiotics,\n \n \n \n \n \n pH,\n \n \n \n \n \n aerobic respiration,\n \n \n \n \n \n nucleotides,\n \n \n \n \n \n replication,\n \n \n \n \n \n Escherichia coli,\n \n \n \n \n \n heterotrophs,\n \n \n \n \n \n chloroplasts,\n \n \n \n \n \n mitochondria,\n \n \n \n \n \n specialization,\n \n \n \n \n corona radiata,\n \n \n \n zona pellucida,\n \n \n \n reproductive,\n \n \n \n the reproductive system,\n \n \n \n semen,\n \n \n \n primary spermatocyte,\n \n \n \n spermatogenesis,\n \n \n \n ejaculation,\n \n \n \n oogenesis,\n \n \n \n cellular membrane,\n \n \n \n cortical granules,\n \n \n \n germinal epithelial cell,\n \n \n \n oogonium,\n \n \n \n primary oocyte secondary oocyte,\n \n \n \n secondary spermatocyte,\n \n \n \n spermatids,\n \n \n \n chromatids,\n \n \n \n centromere,\n \n \n \n acrocentric chromosome,\n \n \n \n metacentric chromosome,\n \n \n \n submetacentric chromosome,\n \n \n \n telocentric chromosome,\n \n \n \n pachytene,\n \n \n \n genetic map,\n \n \n \n chromosomal,\n \n \n \n the chromosomal theory of inheritance,\n \n \n \n substance,\n \n \n \n femur,\n \n \n \n the skeletal system,\n \n \n \n humerus,\n \n \n \n fibula,\n \n \n \n tibia,\n \n \n \n patella,\n \n \n \n ankle,\n \n \n \n discs,\n \n \n \n osteoclasts,\n \n \n \n osteocytes,\n \n \n \n intercellular,\n \n \n \n ossification,\n \n \n \n chordin,\n \n \n \n epiphyses,\n \n \n \n phalanges,\n \n \n \n tarsals,\n \n \n \n metatarsals,\n \n \n \n movements,\n \n \n \n auxins,\n \n \n \n tropisms,\n \n \n \n nastic movements,\n \n \n \n taxes,\n \n \n \n fototropism,\n \n \n \n geotropism,\n \n \n \n chemotropism,\n \n \n \n thigmotropism,\n \n \n \n photonastic movements,\n \n \n \n termonastic movements,\n \n \n \n seismonastic movement,\n \n \n \n responsiveness,\n \n \n \n uses,\n \n \n \n ultrasound,\n \n \n \n methane,\n \n \n \n organic matter,\n \n \n \n calorific value,\n \n \n \n cyanobacteria,\n \n \n \n bioreactor,\n \n \n \n industrial,\n \n \n \n biofiltration,\n \n \n \n detergents,\n \n \n \n denitrification,\n \n \n \n nitrificatio,\n \n \n \n division,\n \n \n \n cell cycle,\n \n \n \n metaphase,\n \n \n \n prophase,\n \n \n \n anaphase,\n \n \n \n karyokinesis,\n \n \n \n cytokinesis,\n \n \n \n crossing over,\n \n \n \n binary fission,\n \n \n \n Rh,\n \n \n \n galactose,\n \n \n \n T cells,\n \n \n \n opsonisation,\n \n \n \n galactosamine,\n \n \n \n inheritance of blood groups in humans,\n \n \n \n filtration,\n \n \n \n fermentation,\n \n \n \n maturation,\n \n \n \n somatotrophin,\n \n \n \n somatostatin,\n \n \n \n asepsis,\n \n \n \n DNA recombination,\n \n \n \n transgenic organism,\n \n \n \n malting,\n \n \n \n milling,\n \n \n \n whirling,\n \n \n \n brewing,\n \n \n \n lysozyme,\n \n \n \n immune system,\n \n \n \n amoeboid movement,\n \n \n \n lysosomal enzymes,\n \n \n \n pathogenic factor,\n \n \n \n plasma cells,\n \n \n \n B cells,\n \n \n \n B lymphocytes,\n \n \n \n T lymphocytes,\n \n \n \n immune,\n \n \n \n The human immune system,\n \n \n \n cutin,\n \n \n \n protoplast,\n \n \n \n systematics,\n \n \n \n plant tissues,\n \n \n \n race,\n \n \n \n environmental variation,\n \n \n \n deoxyribonucleic acid,\n \n \n \n fruit,\n \n \n \n germination,\n \n \n \n seed,\n \n \n \n endosperm,\n \n \n \n cotyledon,\n \n \n \n seedling,\n \n \n \n juvenile phase,\n \n \n \n vegetative phase,\n \n \n \n sexual maturity,\n \n \n \n embryonic root,\n \n \n \n embryonic radicle,\n \n \n \n embryonic plumule,\n \n \n \n cotyledons,\n \n \n \n dicots,\n \n \n \n nutrients,\n \n \n \n anemia,\n \n \n \n avitaminosis,\n \n \n \n enzyme,\n \n \n \n amylase,\n \n \n \n lipase,\n \n \n \n neuron,\n \n \n \n cell body,\n \n \n \n Schwann cell,\n \n \n \n node of Ranvier,\n \n \n \n autonomic nervous system,\n \n \n \n synapses,\n \n \n \n terminal dendrites,\n \n \n \n sympathetic nervous system,\n \n \n \n parasympathetic nervous system,\n \n \n \n artery,\n \n \n \n vein,\n \n \n \n aorta,\n \n \n \n blood pressure,\n \n \n \n automatism of the heart,\n \n \n \n pericardium,\n \n \n \n biosphere,\n \n \n \n biogeochemical cycles,\n \n \n \n biogeochemical,\n \n \n \n cycles,\n \n \n \n hypoglycaemia,\n \n \n \n glycogenolysis,\n \n \n \n lipolysis,\n \n \n \n lipogenesis,\n \n \n \n acromegaly,\n \n \n \n pituitary dwarfism,\n \n \n \n hyperglycaemia,\n \n \n \n alcohol,\n \n \n \n addiction,\n \n \n \n alcoholism,\n \n \n \n stimulants,\n \n \n \n hallucinogens,\n \n \n \n cigarettes,\n \n \n \n alcoholic psychosis,\n \n \n \n cannabinol,\n \n \n \n drug addiction,\n \n \n \n inhalants,\n \n \n \n narcotic analgesics,\n \n \n \n nicotinism,\n \n \n \n sedatives,\n \n \n \n withdrawal symptoms,\n \n \n \n drugs,\n \n \n \n effects of drugs,\n \n \n \n flower,\n \n \n \n cellulose,\n \n \n \n ovule,\n \n \n \n spore,\n \n \n \n photosynthetic pigments,\n \n \n \n rhizoids,\n \n \n \n sporangium,\n \n \n \n vegetative reproduction,\n \n \n \n changes,\n \n \n \n inversion,\n \n \n \n substitution,\n \n \n \n point mutation,\n \n \n \n duplication,\n \n \n \n DNA polymerase III,\n \n \n \n induced mutations,\n \n \n \n insertion,\n \n \n \n gene mutation,\n \n \n \n proliferation,\n \n \n \n sickle-cell disease,\n \n \n \n spontaneous mutations,\n \n \n \n unscheduled DNA synthesis,\n \n \n \n UDS,\n \n \n \n mutations as changes in DNA,\n \n \n \n factor,\n \n \n \n agglutinogens,\n \n \n \n agglutinins,\n \n \n \n transfusion,\n \n \n \n haemolysi,\n \n \n \n rhesus,\n \n \n \n twins,\n \n \n \n Down\xe2\x80\x99s syndrome,\n \n \n \n Turner\xe2\x80\x99s syndrome,\n \n \n \n pedigree chart,\n \n \n \n Edwards\xe2\x80\x99 syndrome,\n \n \n \n Patau\xe2\x80\x99s syndrome,\n \n \n \n heterozygotes,\n \n \n \n homozygotes,\n \n \n \n genetic diseases,\n \n \n \n metabolism,\n \n \n \n ovaries,\n \n \n \n glands,\n \n \n \n target cells,\n \n \n \n exocrine glands,\n \n \n \n posterior pituitary,\n \n \n \n anterior pituitary,\n \n \n \n thymus gland,\n \n \n \n adrenal cortex,\n \n \n \n adrenal medulla,\n \n \n \n menstruation,\n \n \n \n sex hormones,\n \n \n \n ovulation,\n \n \n \n estrogens,\n \n \n \n progesterone,\n \n \n \n FSH,\n \n \n \n LH,\n \n \n \n endometrium,\n \n \n \n chorionic gonadotrophin,\n \n \n \n HCG,\n \n \n \n follicle-stimulating hormone,\n \n \n \n luteinizing hormone,\n \n \n \n microorganism,\n \n \n \n ecological succession,\n \n \n \n phototroph,\n \n \n \n autotrophic organism,\n \n \n \n cooperation,\n \n \n \n protocooperation,\n \n \n \n commensalism,\n \n \n \n mycorrhizas,\n \n \n \n mutualism,\n \n \n \n eye,\n \n \n \n ear,\n \n \n \n orbit,\n \n \n \n lens,\n \n \n \n cochlea,\n \n \n \n middle ear,\n \n \n \n pinna,\n \n \n \n semi-circular canals,\n \n \n \n retina,\n \n \n \n iris,\n \n \n \n cornea,\n \n \n \n vitreous humor,\n \n \n \n blind spot,\n \n \n \n cones,\n \n \n \n rods,\n \n \n \n aqueous humor,\n \n \n \n auditory ossicles,\n \n \n \n bony labyrinth,\n \n \n \n choroid,\n \n \n \n ciliary body,\n \n \n \n conjunctiva,\n \n \n \n endolymph,\n \n \n \n Eustachian tube,\n \n \n \n external auditory canal,\n \n \n \n eye chambers,\n \n \n \n fovea,\n \n \n \n lachrymal gland,\n \n \n \n organ of Corti,\n \n \n \n perilymph,\n \n \n \n saccule,\n \n \n \n sclera,\n \n \n \n vestibule,\n \n \n \n fish,\n \n \n \n convergent evolution,\n \n \n \n eurytopic species,\n \n \n \n stenotopic species,\n \n \n \n ubiquistic species,\n \n \n \n haploid,\n \n \n \n gametophyte,\n \n \n \n sporophyte,\n \n \n \n antheridia,\n \n \n \n archegonia,\n \n \n \n diploid spore,\n \n \n \n double fertilization,\n \n \n \n sperm nucleus,\n \n \n \n vegetative cell,\n \n \n \n generative cell,\n \n \n \n prothallus,\n \n \n \n plant reproduction,\n \n \n \n mineral,\n \n \n \n mineral water,\n \n \n \n nutrition,\n \n \n \n trace elements,\n \n \n \n macro-elements,\n \n \n \n ultra-trace elements,\n \n \n \n chlorosis,\n \n \n \n mineralization of plants,\n \n \n \n euchromatin,\n \n \n \n heterochromatin,\n \n \n \n DNA double helix,\n \n \n \n histones,\n \n \n \n loop domain,\n \n \n \n metaphase chromosome,\n \n \n \n diploid set of chromosomes,\n \n \n \n nucleus as a store of genetic material,\n \n \n \n other,\n \n \n \n base,\n \n \n \n nitrogenous base,\n \n \n \n denaturation,\n \n \n \n restriction endonuclease,\n \n \n \n sequencing,\n \n \n \n other applications of genetic engineering,\n \n \n \n information,\n \n \n \n behavior,\n \n \n \n communication,\n \n \n \n nature,\n \n \n \n genetic information,\n \n \n \n transmitter,\n \n \n \n taxis,\n \n \n \n tropism,\n \n \n \n plant hormone,\n \n \n \n phytochrome,\n \n \n \n warning signals,\n \n \n \n alarm signals,\n \n \n \n animals mating behavior,\n \n \n \n transmitters,\n \n \n \n origin,\n \n \n \n ribosomes,\n \n \n \n bacterial cell,\n \n \n \n biogenesis,\n \n \n \n chemical evolution,\n \n \n \n coacervate,\n \n \n \n liposome,\n \n \n \n microsphere,\n \n \n \n endosymbiosis,\n \n \n \n nucleic acidic,\n \n \n \n HIV,\n \n \n \n virus,\n \n \n \n antibody,\n \n \n \n genome,\n \n \n \n hydrolases,\n \n \n \n macrophage,\n \n \n \n lymphocyte,\n \n \n \n Kaposi\xe2\x80\x99s sarcoma,\n \n \n \n lymphoma,\n \n \n \n immunodeficiency,\n \n \n \n (hiv),\n \n \n \n human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),\n \n \n \n density,\n \n \n \n interspecific,\n \n \n \n intraspecific,\n \n \n \n individual organism,\n \n \n \n population size predation predator prey,\n \n \n \n competition.,\n \n \n \n stem,\n \n \n \n substances,\n \n \n \n organic,\n \n \n \n vascular tissue,\n \n \n \n accumulation,\n \n \n \n primary phloem,\n \n \n \n secondary phloem,\n \n \n \n primary xylem,\n \n \n \n secondary xylem,\n \n \n \n secondary stem structure,\n \n \n \n secondary root structure,\n \n \n \n growth of a plant in girth,\n \n \n \n environmental,\n \n \n \n disease,\n \n \n \n contamination,\n \n \n \n pesticide,\n \n \n \n introduced species,\n \n \n \n decibel,\n \n \n \n dB,\n \n \n \n pathogenicity,\n \n \n \n DDT,\n \n \n \n dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane,\n \n \n \n indigenous species,\n \n \n \n carcinogen,\n \n \n \n history,\n \n \n \n extinction,\n \n \n \n chlorophyll,\n \n \n \n mollusks,\n \n \n \n annelids,\n \n \n \n arthropods,\n \n \n \n amphibians,\n \n \n \n reptiles,\n \n \n \n dinosaurs,\n \n \n \n sponges,\n \n \n \n psilophytes,\n \n \n \n birds mammals,\n \n \n \n the history of life on Earth,\n \n \n \n runner,\n \n \n \n crop,\n \n \n \n crop rotation,\n \n \n \n herbicide,\n \n \n \n weed,\n \n \n \n cultivation,\n \n \n \n humus,\n \n \n \n winter crop,\n \n \n \n spring crop,\n \n \n \n rhizome,\n \n \n \n hydroponics,\n \n \n \n crop production,\n \n \n \n peristalsis,\n \n \n \n bile,\n \n \n \n pepsinogen,\n \n \n \n emulsification,\n \n \n \n alimentary canal,\n \n \n \n waste,\n \n \n \n resources,\n \n \n \n recycling,\n \n \n \n conservation,\n \n \n \n prevention,\n \n \n \n natural environment,\n \n \n \n nature conservation,\n \n \n \n reintroduction,\n \n \n \n environment pollution,\n \n \n \n household waste,\n \n \n \n species conservation,\n \n \n \n manufacturing process,\n \n \n \n anticodon,\n \n \n \n termination site,\n \n \n \n operator,\n \n \n \n operon,\n \n \n \n promoter,\n \n \n \n polymerase binds,\n \n \n \n triplet code,\n \n \n \n The gene as a structural and functional unit of DNA,\n \n \n \n muscles,\n \n \n \n connective tissue,\n \n \n \n skeletal muscles,\n \n \n \n creatine phosphate,\n \n \n \n free fatty acids,\n \n \n \n myoglobin,\n \n \n \n muscle relaxation,\n \n \n \n extensor,\n \n \n \n flexor,\n \n \n \n relaxed muscle,\n \n \n \n contracted muscle,\n \n \n \n tropomyosin,\n \n \n \n troponin,\n \n \n \n laws,\n \n \n \n gene pool,\n \n \n \n speciation,\n \n \n \n bottleneck effect,\n \n \n \n hybridisation,\n \n \n \n immigration,\n \n \n \n sexual selection,\n \n \n \n founder effect,\n \n \n \n genetic drift,\n \n \n \n geographical isolation,\n \n \n \n laws of evolution and speciation,\n \n \n \n sound,\n \n \n \n light,\n \n \n \n smell,\n \n \n \n taste,\n \n \n \n sensory organs,\n \n \n \n chemoreceptors,\n \n \n \n baroreceptors,\n \n \n \n proprioceptive,\n \n \n \n exteroreceptors,\n \n \n \n interoreceptors,\n \n \n \n pheromones,\n \n \n \n ozone,\n \n \n \n greenhouse,\n \n \n \n emissions,\n \n \n \n radiation,\n \n \n \n ultraviolet,\n \n \n \n ultraviolet radiation,\n \n \n \n UV,\n \n \n \n ozone hole,\n \n \n \n chlorofluorocarbons,\n \n \n \n ozonosphere,\n \n \n \n nerve,\n \n \n \n central nervous system,\n \n \n \n nerve center,\n \n \n \n brain,\n \n \n \n enamel,\n \n \n \n kidneys,\n \n \n \n limb,\n \n \n \n vertebral column,\n \n \n \n feather,\n \n \n \n gills,\n \n \n \n eardrum,\n \n \n \n auditory bones,\n \n \n \n axial skeleton,\n \n \n \n extra-embryonic membranes,\n \n \n \n mammary glands,\n \n \n \n skin gland,\n \n \n \n skull uric acid,\n \n \n \n vertebra,\n \n \n \n epidermis,\n \n \n \n endodermis,\n \n \n \n guttation,\n \n \n \n vascular bundles,\n \n \n \n pericycle,\n \n \n \n primary cortex,\n \n \n \n stele,\n \n \n \n effort,\n \n \n \n stethoscope,\n \n \n \n physical effort,\n \n \n \n erythropoietin,\n \n \n \n muscle pump,\n \n \n \n sphygmomanometer,\n \n \n \n systolic pressure,\n \n \n \n aerobic metabolism,\n \n \n \n anaerobic metabolism,\n \n \n \n diastolic pressure,\n \n \n \n functioning,\n \n \n \n trachea,\n \n \n \n chitin,\n \n \n \n parenchyma,\n \n \n \n appendages,\n \n \n \n digestive glands,\n \n \n \n flame cell,\n \n \n \n haemocyanin,\n \n \n \n haemolymph,\n \n \n \n hydrostatic skeleton,\n \n \n \n Malpighian tubule,\n \n \n \n mesogloea,\n \n \n \n metamere metanephridium,\n \n \n \n ommatidium,\n \n \n \n protonephridium,\n \n \n \n water vascular system,\n \n \n \n optimum,\n \n \n \n atp,\n \n \n \n stroma,\n \n \n \n ADP,\n \n \n \n thylakoids,\n \n \n \n photolysis,\n \n \n \n limiting factor,\n \n \n \n NADPH,\n \n \n \n NADP,\n \n \n \n secondary,\n \n \n \n principles,\n \n \n \n aneuploidy,\n \n \n \n allosome,\n \n \n \n autosome,\n \n \n \n sexual characteristics,\n \n \n \n primary sexual characteristics,\n \n \n \n tertiary sexual characteristics,\n \n \n \n the principles of sex inheritance in humans,\n \n \n \n adrenaline,\n \n \n \n cellular respiration,\n \n \n \n extracellular fluid,\n \n \n \n blood plasma,\n \n \n \n thermoregulation,\n \n \n \n noradrenaline,\n \n \n \n Homeostasis,\n \n \n \n thyroid hormones,\n \n \n \n source,\n \n \n \n chromosomes,\n \n \n \n amino acids,\n \n \n \n Homologous chromosomes,\n \n \n \n alleles,\n \n \n \n mutations as a source of variation in organisms,\n \n \n \n refrigerator,\n \n \n \n antibiotic,\n \n \n \n spores,\n \n \n \n protecting,\n \n \n \n thermometer,\n \n \n \n manometer,\n \n \n \n autoclave,\n \n \n \n aseptic conditions,\n \n \n \n gram-positive bacterium,\n \n \n \n freezer,\n \n \n \n spoilage,\n \n \n \n inspiration,\n \n \n \n diaphragm,\n \n \n \n lung,\n \n \n \n respiratory system,\n \n \n \n respiratory,\n \n \n \n The respiratory system,\n \n \n \n expiration,\n \n \n \n pleura,\n \n \n \n protists,\n \n \n \n protoctista,\n \n \n \n photosynthetic pigment,\n \n \n \n eukaryote,\n \n \n \n thallus,\n \n \n \n chemo-autotroph,\n \n \n \n fruiting body,\n \n \n \n haustorium,\n \n \n \n heterotroph,\n \n \n \n mycelium mycorrhiza,\n \n \n \n photo-autotroph,\n \n \n \n pilus,\n \n \n \n symbiont,\n \n \n \n protists and fungi,\n \n \n \n chemical,\n \n \n \n amino acid,\n \n \n \n condensation,\n \n \n \n dry weight,\n \n \n \n hydrolysis,\n \n \n \n membrane receptor,\n \n \n \n chemical composition of cells,\n \n \n \n mucus,\n \n \n \n plankton,\n \n \n \n echolocation,\n \n \n \n electroreception,\n \n \n \n osmotic pressure,\n \n \n \n osmoregulation,\n \n \n \n compensation depth,\n \n \n \n electroreceptors,\n \n \n \n prey,\n \n \n \n chains,\n \n \n \n food chains,\n \n \n \n food web,\n \n \n \n detritivore,\n \n \n \n trophic level,\n \n \n \n arteries,\n \n \n \n blood vessels,\n \n \n \n vessels,\n \n \n \n arterioles,\n \n \n \n colloidal osmotic pressure,\n \n \n \n endothelium,\n \n \n \n veins,\n \n \n \n venules,\n \n \n \n plate,\n \n \n \n land,\n \n \n \n lungs,\n \n \n \n resistance,\n \n \n \n uric acid,\n \n \n \n aerodynamic force,\n \n \n \n chemoreception,\n \n \n \n chitinous exoskeleton,\n \n \n \n cholera,\n \n \n \n typhoid fever,\n \n \n \n macrophages,\n \n \n \n microbiology,\n \n \n \n immune serum,\n \n \n \n treponema pallidum,\n \n \n \n pneumonic plague,\n \n \n \n zoonoses,\n \n \n \n bacterial diseases,\n \n \n \n size,\n \n \n \n resolution,\n \n \n \n condenser,\n \n \n \n magnification,\n \n \n \n eyepiece,\n \n \n \n objective lens,\n \n \n \n electron microscope,\n \n \n \n transmission electron microscope,\n \n \n \n scanning electron microscope,\n \n \n \n dehydratation,\n \n \n \n ocular lens,\n \n \n \n fine adjuster,\n \n \n \n Light microscope,\n \n \n \n Microscope stage,\n \n \n \n objective lens stage,\n \n \n \n microscopes,\n \n \n \n microscopes and the size of cells,\n \n \n \n dendrite,\n \n \n \n stimuli,\n \n \n \n excitability,\n \n \n \n action potential,\n \n \n \n effector,\n \n \n \n end plate,\n \n \n \n neuromuscular junction,\n \n \n \n motor neurone,\n \n \n \n neuromodulator,\n \n \n \n relay neurone,\n \n \n \n resting potential,\n \n \n \n sensory neurone,\n \n \n \n across,\n \n \n \n diffusion,\n \n \n \n gradient,\n \n \n \n membranes,\n \n \n \n hemolysis,\n \n \n \n plasmolysis,\n \n \n \n facilitated diffusion,\n \n \n \n passive transport,\n \n \n \n simple diffusion,\n \n \n \n active transport,\n \n \n \n transport across membranes,\n \n \n \n predators,\n \n \n \n ionizing radiation,\n \n \n \n population density,\n \n \n \n parental care,\n \n \n \n abiotic factors,\n \n \n \n biotic factors,\n \n \n \n denaturation of protein,\n \n \n \n ultra-violet radiation,\n \n \n \n population range,\n \n \n \n individual and the population,\n \n \n \n acids,\n \n \n \n ribosome,\n \n \n \n nucleic acids,\n \n \n \n rRNA,\n \n \n \n adenine,\n \n \n \n Nucleotide,\n \n \n \n guanine,\n \n \n \n superhelix,\n \n \n \n nucleic,\n \n \n \n multiplication,\n \n \n \n assembly,\n \n \n \n viruses,\n \n \n \n bacteriophages,\n \n \n \n phages,\n \n \n \n bacterial viruses,\n \n \n \n capsid,\n \n \n \n droplet infection,\n \n \n \n inhalatory infection,\n \n \n \n lysis,\n \n \n \n release of a virus,\n \n \n \n viral adsorption,\n \n \n \n viral replication,\n \n \n \n virion,\n \n \n \n viroids,\n \n \n \n ovary,\n \n \n \n yolk,\n \n \n \n oviduct,\n \n \n \n womb,\n \n \n \n oviparous,\n \n \n \n spermatophore,\n \n \n \n air chamber,\n \n \n \n chorion,\n \n \n \n embryonic water,\n \n \n \n extra-embryonic membranes ontogeny,\n \n \n \n ovoviviparity,\n \n \n \n viviparity,\n \n \n \n reproduction in vertebrates,\n \n \n \n erythrocytes,\n \n \n \n cardiomyocytes,\n \n \n \n ectoderm,\n \n \n \n endoderm,\n \n \n \n leukocytes,\n \n \n \n mesoderm,\n \n \n \n myofibrils,\n \n \n \n platelets,\n \n \n \n thick filament,\n \n \n \n basement membrane,\n \n \n \n animal tissues,\n \n \n \n theory of evolution,\n \n \n \n creationism,\n \n \n \n Darwin,\n \n \n \n colonization,\n \n \n \n preservation,\n \n \n \n Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution,\n \n \n \n excretory system,\n \n \n \n kidney,\n \n \n \n plasma,\n \n \n \n fluids,\n \n \n \n nephron,\n \n \n \n transplantation,\n \n \n \n systemic,\n \n \n \n ADH,\n \n \n \n antidiuretic hormone,\n \n \n \n hemodialysis,\n \n \n \n reabsorption,\n \n \n \n filtration process,\n \n \n \n attack,\n \n \n \n heart,\n \n \n \n factors,\n \n \n \n myocardial infarction,\n \n \n \n arterial hypertension,\n \n \n \n atherosclerotic plaque,\n \n \n \n cerebrovascular disease,\n \n \n \n Chlamydia,\n \n \n \n intermittent claudication,\n \n \n \n ischaemic heart disease,\n \n \n \n thrombus,\n \n \n \n protista,\n \n \n \n protozoa,\n \n \n \n parasitic,\n \n \n \n moulting,\n \n \n \n ascariasis,\n \n \n \n amoebic movement,\n \n \n \n amoebae,\n \n \n \n invasive eggs,\n \n \n \n toxocariasis,\n \n \n \n enterobiasis,\n \n \n \n cysticercosis,\n \n \n \n proglottids,\n \n \n \n schizogony,\n \n \n \n schizonts,\n \n \n \n amoebiasis,\n \n \n \n parasitic diseases,\n \n \n \n chickenpox,\n \n \n \n measles,\n \n \n \n mumps,\n \n \n \n tuberculosis,\n \n \n \n vaccine,\n \n \n \n vaccination,\n \n \n \n rubella,\n \n \n \n rabies,\n \n \n \n poliomyelitis,\n \n \n \n smallpox,\n \n \n \n anthrax,\n \n \n \n disinfection,\n \n \n \n cowpox,\n \n \n \n BCG,\n \n \n \n polyvalent vaccines,\n \n \n \n vaccinations,\n \n \n \n absorption,\n \n \n \n enterocyte,\n \n \n \n portal vein,\n \n \n \n portal system,\n \n \n \n micelle,\n \n \n \n mesentery,\n \n \n \n glicogenolisis,\n \n \n \n catalyst,\n \n \n \n gas exchange,\n \n \n \n transformations,\n \n \n \n specificity,\n \n \n \n catalysis,\n \n \n \n proteases,\n \n \n \n lipases,\n \n \n \n nucleases,\n \n \n \n amylases,\n \n \n \n activation energy,\n \n \n \n metabolic transformations in a cell,\n \n \n \n fat,\n \n \n \n protein,\n \n \n \n anaerobic respiration,\n \n \n \n cellular,\n \n \n \n oxygen debt,\n \n \n \n cell respiration,\n \n \n \n cellular respiration and energy production,\n \n \n \n ecology,\n \n \n \n biome,\n \n \n \n biotope,\n \n \n \n its,\n \n \n \n transformation,\n \n \n \n vector,\n \n \n \n Transcription,\n \n \n \n ligase,\n \n \n \n conjugation,\n \n \n \n plasmids,\n \n \n \n introns,\n \n \n \n exons,\n \n \n \n hybridization,\n \n \n \n hydrogen bonds,\n \n \n \n retrovirus,\n \n \n \n PCR,\n \n \n \n genetic engineering and its applications in biotechnology,\n \n \n \n sexual reproduction,\n \n \n \n runners,\n \n \n \n budding,\n \n \n \n thallus fragmentation,\n \n \n \n reproduction and variation,\n \n \n \n prokaryote,\n \n \n \n parasites,\n \n \n \n circulation of matter,\n \n \n \n cell culture,\n \n \n \n photoautotrophs,\n \n \n \n chemoautotrophs,\n \n \n \n saprotrophs,\n \n \n \n bacterial growth,\n \n \n \n implantation,\n \n \n \n umbilical cord,\n \n \n \n pregnancy,\n \n \n \n notochord,\n \n \n \n yolk sac,\n \n \n \n cleavage,\n \n \n \n gastrulation,\n \n \n \n morula,\n \n \n \n blastocyst,\n \n \n \n allantoic cavity,\n \n \n \n amniotic cavity,\n \n \n \n gastrula,\n \n \n \n development of the human embryo,\n \n \n \n organism,\n \n \n \n classification,\n \n \n \n taxonomy,\n \n \n \n artificial systems,\n \n \n \n binomial nomenclature,\n \n \n \n natural systems,\n \n \n \n systems of classification,\n \n \n \n taxonomic units,\n \n \n \n classification of organisms,\n \n \n \n egg,\n \n \n \n reproductive organs,\n \n \n \n hermaphrodite,\n \n \n \n copulatory organs,\n \n \n \n gonochorism,\n \n \n \n heterogeny,\n \n \n \n semen sexual reproduction,\n \n \n \n oviparity,\n \n \n \n parthenogenesis,\n \n \n \n reproduction in invertebrates,\n \n \n \n biodiversity,\n \n \n \n trait,\n \n \n \n homeothermy,\n \n \n \n biocoenosis,\n \n \n \n species protection,\n \n \n \n structure,\n \n \n \n cell structure,\n \n \n \n plant cell,\n \n \n \n animal cell,\n \n \n \n plasma membrane,\n \n \n \n cell compartment,\n \n \n \n cellulose cell wall,\n \n \n \n vacuoles,\n \n \n \n granules,\n \n \n \n endoplasmic reticulum,\n \n \n \n cytosol,\n \n \n \n Golgi apparatus,\n \n \n \n structure of plant and animal cells,\n \n \n \n modification,\n \n \n \n differentiated cell,\n \n \n \n artificial selection,\n \n \n \n cloning,\n \n \n \n polyploid,\n \n \n \n in vitro fertilization,\n \n \n \n cord blood,\n \n \n \n genetic modification of organisms,\n \n \n \n haemoglobin carbamate,\n \n \n \n lymphocytes,\n \n \n \n monocytes,\n \n \n \n oxyhaemoglobin phagocytes,\n \n \n \n hepatitis,\n \n \n \n asthma,\n \n \n \n viral,\n \n \n \n hepatitis B,\n \n \n \n renal failure,\n \n \n \n jaundice,\n \n \n \n hepatitis A,\n \n \n \n droplet-respiratory route,\n \n \n \n Heine-Medin disease,\n \n \n \n pandemic,\n \n \n \n hepatitis D,\n \n \n \n Poliovirus,\n \n \n \n viral diseases,\n \n \n \n penicillin,\n \n \n \n bacteriophage,\n \n \n \n endospore,\n \n \n \n antisepsis,\n \n \n \n antiseptic activities,\n \n \n \n aseptic activities,\n \n \n \n spectrum of antibiotic,\n \n \n \n bacterial resistance,\n \n \n \n resistance plasmid,\n \n \n \n resistance gene,\n \n \n \n nosocomial infections,\n \n \n \n saprophytic organisms,\n \n \n \n antiseptics,\n \n \n \n antiseptics and antibiotics,\n \n \n \n tissue,\n \n \n \n cell specialization,\n \n \n \n single-cell organisms,\n \n \n \n simple colony organisms,\n \n \n \n complex colony organisms,\n \n \n \n multicellular tissueless organisms,\n \n \n \n multicellular tissued organisms,\n \n \n \n fertility,\n \n \n \n chloroplast,\n \n \n \n peat land,\n \n \n \n epiphyte,\n \n \n \n autotrophic organisms,\n \n \n \n carnivorous,\n \n \n \n carnivorous plants,\n \n \n \n reflex,\n \n \n \n conditioned reflex,\n \n \n \n monosynaptic reflex,\n \n \n \n Pavlov\xe2\x80\x99s dog,\n \n \n \n polysynaptic reflex,\n \n \n \n reflex action,\n \n \n \n reflex arc,\n \n \n \n sucking reflex,\n \n \n \n unconditioned reflex,\n \n \n \n voluntary response,\n \n \n \n carnivore,\n \n \n \n omnivore,\n \n \n \n feeding,\n \n \n \n nectar,\n \n \n \n saprophages,\n \n \n \n omnivory,\n \n \n \n scavenger,\n \n \n \n rotoctists,\n \n \n \n carnivory,\n \n \n \n nutritional specialization,\n \n \n \n society,\n \n \n \n medicine,\n \n \n \n science,\n \n \n \n technology,\n \n \n \n migration,\n \n \n \n fossil,\n \n \n \n Homo sapiens,\n \n \n \n bipedalism,\n \n \n \n prosimians,\n \n \n \n australopithecines,\n \n \n \n Homo erectus,\n \n \n \n Homo habilis,\n \n \n \n human evolution,\n \n \n \n locus,\n \n \n \n according,\n \n \n \n diploidy,\n \n \n \n dominant alleles,\n \n \n \n recessive alleles,\n \n \n \n test cross,\n \n \n \n mendel,\n \n \n \n heredity according to Mendel,\n \n \n \n liver,\n \n \n \n external environment,\n \n \n \n internal environment,\n \n \n \n oxytocin,\n \n \n \n TSH,\n \n \n \n TRH,\n \n \n \n beta cells,\n \n \n \n dynamic equilibrium,\n \n \n \n homeostatic mechanism,\n \n \n \n negative feedback,\n \n \n \n alpha-cells,\n \n \n \n positive feedback\n \n \n